Itekhnoloji yokwenziwa koluhlu lwangaphandle inembali engaphezulu kweminyaka eli-100 kwaye yahlulwe ngokwezigaba ezithathu.
Inqanaba lokuqala (1838-1909)linqanaba lophononongo kunye novavanyo lwemveliso.Kweli nqanaba, uphando malunga nethiyori yokwenza umqulu kunye nentsimbi epholileyo iqhubela phambili ngokucothayo.Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo loshishino lwezothutho lweshishini, intsimbi eyenziwe ngokubanda eveliswe yinkqubo yokwenza umqulu ayinakukwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zomsebenzisi.
Inqanaba lesibini (1910-1959)linqanaba lokuseka kunye ngokuthe ngcembe ukuthandwa kwenkqubo yokwenza umqulu.
Inqanaba lesithathu (ukususela ngo-1960 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku)linqanaba lophuhliso olukhawulezayo lokwenziwa komqulu.Umkhwa wokuphuhliswa kwemveliso yentsimbi ebandayo eyenziwe yangaphandle inokushwankathelwa kwimiba emininzi:
1).Imveliso iyaqhubeka nokukhula
Ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1960, imveliso yentsimbi yangaphandle ebandayo iye yanda ngokukhawuleza.Le yindlela eqhelekileyo.Ngokwezibalo zentsimbi epholileyo kumazwe ahlukeneyo kwiminyaka edlulileyo, ukuveliswa kwentsimbi epholileyo kunye nokukhutshwa kwentsimbi kuye kwaqina kwinqanaba elithile.Ngu-1.5:100 ukuya ku-4:100.Ngokomzekelo, isicwangciso sophuhliso esaqulunqwa yi-Soviet Union yangaphambili ngo-1975 yachaza ukuba imveliso yentsimbi epholileyo ngo-1990 iya kwenza i-4% yemveliso yensimbi.Ngokuphuculwa kwenkqubo yokuvelisa intsimbi epholileyo, ukucaciswa kwemveliso kunye neentlobo ziyaqhubeka zikhula, kwaye umgangatho wemveliso uyaqhubeka nokuphucula.Indawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union yayiphinda ilawule isicwangciso sophuhliso sokuqala ngo-1979, ichaza ukuba iya kufikelela kwi-5% ngo-1990. Amanye amazwe nawo aceba ukwandisa imveliso yentsimbi epholileyo.Ngoku imveliso yentsimbi yangaphandle ebandayo imalunga ne-10 yezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka.Ibalelwa kwi-3% yentsimbi yehlabathi iyonke.
2).Umsebenzi wophando uye usiba nzulu
Umsebenzi wophando kumqulu wokwenza ithiyori, inkqubo yokwenza kunye nokwenza izixhobo unzulu phesheya, kwaye uthotho lwenkqubela phambili lwenziwe kuphando malunga nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwentsimbi ebandayo eyenziwe.Umzekelo, indawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union kunye neUnited States ziye zasebenzisa iikhompyutha ze-elektroniki ukufunda amandla kunye neeparamitha zamandla kwindlela yokugoba okubandayo kunye nokuphonononga indlela yokuguqula ngeyona ndlela iphantsi yokusetyenziswa kwamandla.
3).Iinkqubo ezintsha ziyaqhubeka ukubonakala
Ukusukela oko inkqubo yokwenziwa komqulu yaphononongwa ngempumelelo e-United States ngo-1910, emva kwamashumi eminyaka yophuculo nemfezeko, inkqubo yokubumba iye yakhula ngakumbi.Njengoko iziphumo zobugcisa kunye nezoqoqosho zentsimbi epholileyo kwizicelo ezisebenzayo ziya ziqondwa ngakumbi, intsimbi epholileyo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho lwelizwe.Abasebenzisi baneemfuno ezingqongqo ngakumbi nangakumbi zomgangatho wentsimbi eyenziwe ngokubanda, kwaye bafuna ukwahlukahlukana kweentlobo kunye neenkcukacha.Oku kukhuthaza ukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kweenkqubo zokuqulunqa uluhlu lokuhlangabezana neemfuno zabasebenzisi.Amazwe angaphandle amkele iinkqubo zokuqulunqa uluhlu kwaye aphuhlise izixhobo ezihambelanayo.Umatshini wokuQinisekisa uMqulu onohlobo lweplug-in, iyunithi yokwenza kunye nohlengahlengiso oluphakathi lwemiqulu yokuqulunqa ibizwa ngokuba yiyunithi yeCTA (Uhlengahlengiso lweSixhobo esiPhakathi), iyunithi yokwenza i-straight edge.
4) Iintlobo zemveliso zikhula rhoqo, kwaye isakhiwo semveliso sihlaziywa rhoqo.
Ngokuphuhliswa kwemveliso yensimbi epholileyo kunye nokwandiswa kobubanzi besicelo, iindidi zentsimbi ezibandayo ziyaqhubeka zikhula, isakhiwo semveliso sihlaziywa rhoqo, kwaye imigangatho yemveliso iphuculwa ngokuthe ngcembe.Ngokuvela okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe obutsha, uluhlu lwezixhobo ze-billet kunye neenkcukacha luyanda.Ngoku kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-10,000 kunye neenkcukacha zentsimbi epholileyo eyenziwe ngaphandle.Iimpawu zentsimbi epholileyo zivela kwi-10mm ukuya kwi-2500mm, kunye nobukhulu be-0.1 mm ~ 32mm.Ukususela kumbono wezinto eziphathekayo zentsimbi epholileyo, yayiyintsimbi ye-carbon steel phambi kwe-1970, eyayiba ngaphezu kwe-90%.Ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1970, ngokusebenzisa uthelekiso lobugcisa kunye noqoqosho lwezicelo eziphathekayo, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ephezulu ephantsi, i-alloy iron kunye ne-Stainless steel yenza ukuba umlinganiselo wemveliso ye-carbon steel eqhelekileyo uyancipha unyaka nonyaka, kunye nomlinganiselo wentsimbi ye-alloy, Amandla aphezulu e-alloy low-alloy kunye neemveliso zensimbi ezingenasici zinyuka unyaka nonyaka.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jan-04-2022